References for Surface Erosion and Sediment Routing Studies

USACE Guidance

EM 1110-2-1417 (USACE, 1994)
USACE. 1994. Flood-Runoff Analysis. EM 1110-2-1417, 31 August 1994. Chapter 10 addresses runoff-model calibration. Available from USACE Engineer Manuals.

EM 1110-2-4000 (USACE, 2025)
USACE. 2025. Sedimentation Investigations of Rivers and Reservoirs. EM 1110-2-4000, 4 August 2025. Supersedes the 14 February 2025 edition. Paragraphs 1-14, 1-15 and 2-5 and Chapters 4, 6, 8 and 9 support the study workflow; paragraph 5-7 addresses transport-function selection. Available from USACE Engineer Manuals.

EM 1110-2-5025 (USACE, 2015)
USACE. 2015. Dredging and Dredged Material Management. EM 1110-2-5025, 31 July 2015. Supersedes EM 1110-2-5025 (25 March 1983), EM 1110-2-5026 (30 June 1987), and EM 1110-2-5027 (30 September 1987). Appendix N retains monthly pan-evaporation charts based on 1931-1960 data; Appendix H concerns settling-column tests. Available from USACE Engineer Manuals.

EP 1105-2-70 (USACE, 2025)
USACE. 2025. Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Civil Works Mission and Evaluation Procedures. EP 1105-2-70, 7 April 2025 (document date; listing/filename says 28 March). Paragraph 2-3 summarizes restoration authorities, including Section 204 of WRDA 1992, as amended. Applies to Civil Works aquatic ecosystem restoration and excludes the Regulatory Program. Supersedes ER 1105-2-100 Appendix E Section V (22 April 2000) and EP 1165-2-502 (30 September 1999). Available from USACE Engineer Pamphlets.

ER 1110-2-8153 (USACE, 1995)
USACE. 1995. Sedimentation Investigations. ER 1110-2-8153, 30 September 1995. Paragraphs 7 and 8 address work plans and reporting. The official repository lists this as Technical Project Sedimentation Investigations; the PDF title is used here. Available from USACE Engineer Regulations.

ER 1110-2-8154 (USACE, 2018)
USACE. 2018. Water Quality Management. ER 1110-2-8154, 31 May 2018. Applies to the USACE elements with Civil Works responsibilities described in paragraph 1-2; paragraphs 3-2 and 3-3 address water-quality data collection and objectives. Available from USACE Engineer Regulations.

ECB 2026-1 (USACE, 2026)
USACE. 2026. Incorporating Resilience to Nonstationary Hydrometeorological Conditions in USACE Civil Works Studies, Designs, and Projects. ECB 2026-1, 9 January 2026; expires 9 January 2028. Check applicability and exceptions; paragraphs 4c and 4d and section 8 address applicable planning and stationarity-based frequency/duration analyses. WBDG copy.

HEC Software Documentation

📖 HEC-HMS User's Manual

Current setup and interpretation for the erosion and sediment workflow.

• Watershed Sediment Properties — grade scale, unit weight/density, and element-specific properties
• Subbasin Sediment — erosion methods, gradation functions, and enable controls
• Reach Sediment — routing, transport and settling choices, bed model, and numerical sensitivity
• Reservoir Sediment — trap methods, element settling choices, and reservoir-capacity options
• Viewing Erosion and Sediment Results — total, grain-class, and storage time series
• Evapotranspiration — continuous-model meteorological inputs
• v.4.14.0 Release Notes — element-level sediment properties and version-related changes

📐 HEC-HMS Technical Reference Manual

Method background. The sediment section is marked Under Construction; use the current User's Manual for setup.

• Modified USLE — runoff-based yield and threshold/event interpretation
• Volume Ratio — link between flow and sediment routing

🛠️ HEC-HMS Tutorials and Guides

Worked setup and calibration exercises for the reorganized sediment editors.

• Modeling Surface Erosion in HMS (Sediment Restructure: HMS 4.14) — collection of current erosion exercises
• Modeling Surface Erosion and Sediment Transport in HEC-HMS — reduced North Bosque example; created with version 4.14 beta 1

📊 HEC-RAS Documentation

Detailed river sediment analysis when the decision requires that model's representation.

• 1D Sediment Transport User's Manual — model setup, sediment boundaries, and interpretation

Data and Water-Quality References

EPA (2003)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. National Management Measures for the Control of Nonpoint Pollution from Agriculture. EPA-841-B-03-004, July 2003. Office of Water, Washington, DC. EPA publication page.

EPA (n.d.)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Overview of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). Current EPA program overview, accessed 15 October 2026. Water-quality context for the modeling contribution; not a claim that sediment routing alone establishes a TMDL.

Gray et al. (2000)
Gray, J. R., Glysson, G. D., Turcios, L. M., and Schwarz, G. E. 2000. Comparability of Suspended-Sediment Concentration and Total Suspended Solids Data. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4191. USGS report and abstract.

NRCS (n.d.)
Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO). USDA. Official data and access resources, accessed 15 October 2026. Use mapped data with study-specific field evidence and metadata.

Historical Study Sources

Chen, 1975
Chen, C., 1975. Design of Sediment retention basins. In proceedings, national symposium on urban hydrology and sediment control, July, 1975, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 285-298

Copeland, 1989
Copeland, Ronald R., and Thomas, William A., 1989. Corte Madera Creek Sedimentation Study. Numerical Model Investigation, TR-HL-89-6. USACE, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

EM 1110-2-5027 (USACE, 1987)
USACE. 1987. Confined Disposal of Dredged Material. EM 1110-2-5027, 30 September 1987. Superseded by EM 1110-2-5025 (31 July 2015); retained for the historical evaporation-data citation in the Case Study.

Gibson, 2010
Gibson, S., Pak, J., and Fleming, M., 2010. Modeling watershed and riverine sediment processes with HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS. EWRI Watershed Management 2010 - Innovations in Watershed Management under Land Use and Climate Change, 1340-1349.

HEC, 1977
HEC, 1977. Sediment Transport. IHD-12 (International Hydrologic Decade, Hydrologic Engineering Methods for Water Resources Development ). Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA.

HEC, 1990a
MacArthur, R. C., Harvey, M. D., and Sing, E., 1990. Estimating Sediment Delivery and Yield on Alluvial Fans. TP-130. Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA.

HEC, 1990b
MacArthur, R. C., 1990. Phase I Sediment Engineering Investigation of the Caliente Creek Drainage Basin. PR-13. Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA.

HEC, 1996
Gee, D. M., and MacArthur, R. C., 1996. Use of Land Surface Erosion Techniques with Stream Channel Sedimentation Tools. TP-152 Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA.

McFarland, 1998
McFarland, A., and Hauck, L. M., 1998. Stream water quality in the Bosque river watershed. Tarleton State University, Texas Institute for Applied Environmental Research, Stephenville, TX.

McFarland, 1999
McFarland, A., and Hauck, L., 1999. Relating agricultural land uses to in-stream stormwater quality. Journal of Environmental Quality, 836-844.

Pak, 2008
Pak, J., Fleming, M., Scharffenberg, W., and Ely, P., 2008. Soil erosion and sediment yield modeling with the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS). World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, American Society of Civil Engineers.

Pak, 2010
Pak, J., Fleming, M., Scharffenberg, W., & Ely, P., 2010 . Assessment of reservoir trap efficiency methods using the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) for the upper north Bosque river watershed in central Texas. 2nd Joint Interagency Conference, 27 June - 1 July 2010. Las Vegas, NV.

Saleh, 2004
Saleh, A., and Du, B., 2004. Evaluation of SWAT and HSPF within BASINS program for the upper north Bosque river watershed in central Texas. Transactions of the ASAE, 1039-1049.

Schreiber, 1979
Schreiber, J. D., and Rausch, D. L. 1979. Suspended Sediment-Phosphorus Relationships for the Inflow and Outflow of a Flood Detention Reservoir. Journal of Environmental Quality 8(4), 510-514. Publisher record.

Slattery, 1997
Slattery, M. C., and Burt, T. P. 1997. Particle size characteristics of suspended sediment in hillslope runoff and stream flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 22, 705-719. The original Case Study cites 1996; retained here with the 1997 bibliography date.

TR-55 (SCS, 1986)
Soil Conservation Service. 1986. Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds. Technical Release 55, June 1986. USDA. Historical source for the TR-55 time-of-concentration procedure named in the hydrology table; the original calibrated values remain unchanged.

Van Rijn, 1993
Van Rijn, Leo C., 1993. Principles of Sediment Transport in River, Estuaries, Coastal Seas and Oceans. International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic, and Environmental Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands.

Ward, 1992
Ward, G., Flowers, J., and Coan, T., 1992. Final report on environmental quality monitoring relating to nonpoint-source pollution in the Upper North Bosque River watershed. Tarleton State University, Texas Institute for Applied Environmental Research, Stephenville, TX.

Williams, 1975
Williams, J.R. 1975. Sediment-yield prediction with universal equation using runoff energy factor. In Present and prospective technology for predicting sediment yield and sources. Proceedings of the sediment-yield workshop, USDA Sediment Lab., Oxford, MS, 28-30 November 1972. ARS-S-40, 244-252.