References for Stream Restoration Studies

USACE Guidance

EM 1110-2-1416 (USACE, 1993)
USACE. 1993. River Hydraulics. EM 1110-2-1416, 15 October 1993. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Chapters 5 and 6 support hydraulic model selection and analysis of rivers and structures. Available from USACE Engineer Manuals.

EM 1110-2-1417 (USACE, 1994)
USACE. 1994. Flood-Runoff Analysis. EM 1110-2-1417, 31 August 1994. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Chapter 10 addresses calibration; paragraph 17-3 discusses rainfall/runoff frequency assumptions. Available from USACE Engineer Manuals.

EM 1110-2-4000 (USACE, 2025)
USACE. 2025. Sedimentation Investigations of Rivers and Reservoirs. EM 1110-2-4000, 4 August 2025. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Supersedes the 14 February 2025 edition. Paragraphs 7-3h, 7-4, and 7-14 address the flow regime, channel-forming discharge, geomorphic assessment, and stream restoration. Available from USACE Engineer Manuals.

EP 1105-2-70 (USACE, 2025)
USACE. 2025. Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Civil Works Mission and Evaluation Procedures. EP 1105-2-70, 7 April 2025 (date on the document). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Supersedes Section V of Appendix E of ER 1105-2-100 (22 April 2000) and EP 1165-2-502 (30 September 1999). Addresses objectives, systems planning, conceptual models, future conditions, and monitoring/adaptive management for Civil Works aquatic ecosystem restoration; excludes the Regulatory Program. The repository listing and filename show 28 March 2025. Available from USACE Engineer Pamphlets.

ER 1105-2-103 (USACE, 2023)
USACE. 2023. Planning Policy for Conducting Civil Works Planning Studies. ER 1105-2-103, 7 November 2023 (effective 7 December 2023). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Chapter 6 addresses aquatic ecosystem restoration. Supersedes Chapters 1 through 3 of ER 1105-2-100, dated 22 April 2000. Available from USACE Engineer Regulations.

ECB 2026-1 (USACE, 2026)
USACE. 2026. Incorporating Resilience to Nonstationary Hydrometeorological Conditions in USACE Civil Works Studies, Designs, and Projects. ECB 2026-1, 9 January 2026; expires 9 January 2028. Paragraphs 4c and 4d and section 8 address applicability to planning and stationarity-based frequency/duration analyses. Available from Whole Building Design Guide.

HEC Software Documentation

📖 HEC-HMS User's Manual

Current procedures for event/continuous model selection, routing, and scenario comparison.

Selecting a Loss Method — event and continuous suitability, including Linear Deficit and Constant
Selecting a Baseflow Method — subsurface flow representation
Selecting a Reach Routing Method — Muskingum-Cunge geometry and numerical controls
Ensemble Simulations — grouping alternative model runs
Viewing Results for an Ensemble Analysis — member hydrographs and comparison tables

📐 HEC-HMS Technical Reference Manual

Theory and assumptions for the methods highlighted in the chapter.

Muskingum-Cunge Model — variable coefficients and space-time discretization
Linear Deficit and Constant Model — infiltration model usable for event and continuous simulation

🛠️ HEC-HMS Tutorials and Guides

Worked routing and continuous-model setup/calibration examples.

Applying the Muskingum-Cunge Routing Method — routing setup and calibration
Calibrating a Continuous Simulation Model — Deficit and Constant and Soil Moisture Accounting workflows
Applying the Linear Deficit and Constant Loss Method — current loss-method setup

📊 HEC-RAS Documentation

Hydraulic evaluation of stages, floodplain effects, structures, and flow conditions.

HEC-RAS Hydraulic Reference Manual — hydraulic computations supporting detailed assessment

📊 HEC-EFM Documentation

Flow-regime and ecological-relationship assessment alongside hydrologic and hydraulic analyses.

HEC-EFM Overview — linking hydrology, hydraulics, and ecological relationships

Stream Restoration Design and Research

Copeland et al. (2001)
Copeland, R. R., McComas, D. N., Thorne, C. R., Soar, P. J., Jonas, M. M., and Fripp, J. B. 2001. Hydraulic Design of Stream Restoration Projects. ERDC/CHL TR-01-28, September 2001. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. A technical design reference cited by EM 1110-2-4000 (2025), paragraph 7-14. University-hosted copy of the original USACE report.

NRCS (n.d.)
Natural Resources Conservation Service. National Engineering Handbook, Part 630: Hydrology. USDA. Chapters are issued and revised individually; use the applicable chapter date. Current hydrology reference supporting the historical SCS-era material cited below. NRCS Part 630 contents.

NRCS (2007)
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2007. National Engineering Handbook, Part 654: Stream Restoration Design. USDA, issued August 2007. Supplementary stream restoration design material cited by EM 1110-2-4000 (2025), paragraph 7-14. NRCS Part 654.

Wiest et al. (2026)
Wiest, S. R., David, G. C. L., Stepchinski, L. M., Grant, A. R., Haring, C., and Menichino, G. T. 2026. Workshop for Stream Restoration Design Approaches and Regulatory Integration. ERDC SR-26-5, September 2026 (publication notice, 2 September 2026). U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. Workshop research focused on the USACE Regulatory Program. Sections 2.2 through 2.6 and 3 discuss site constraints, alternative restoration approaches, physical and ecological performance, floodplain connectivity, and monitoring. Section 3.2 proposes future evaluation tools; the report does not establish a new formal design standard. Official ERDC publication notice.

Historical Sources Retained for this Chapter

Barnes, 1967
Barnes, H.H., 1967. Roughness Characteristics of Natural Channels. Water-Supply Paper 1849. USGS publication record. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.

Fischenich, 1996
Fischenich, C., 1996. Hydraulic Impacts of Riparian Vegetation: Computation of Resistance. EIRP Technical Report EL-96-01. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Fischenich, 2001
Fischenich, C., 2001. Technologies for Urban Stream Restoration and Watershed Management. EMRRP Bulletin No. 01. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.

Flippin-Dudley, 1998
Flippin-Dudley, S.J., et al., 1998. Evaluation of Flow-Resistance Equations for Vegetated Channels and Floodplains. EMRRP Technical Report EL-98-2. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

NRC, 1992
National Research Council, 1992. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy. Committee on Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems, Washington, DC.

SCS, 1971
Soil Conservation Service, 1971. National Engineering Handbook, Section 4: Hydrology. USDA, Springfield, VA. Retained for the historical time-of-concentration procedure; current NRCS hydrology material is in Part 630.

SCS, 1986
Soil Conservation Service, 1986. Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds. Technical Report 55. USDA, Springfield, VA. Retained for the historical Case Study; no new edition or automatic change to its parameters is implied.