A culvert is a relatively short length of closed conduit, which connects two open channel segments or bodies of water. Two of the most common types of culverts are: circular pipe culverts, which are circular in cross section, and box culverts, which are rectangular in cross section. The figure below shows an illustration of circular pipe and box culverts. In addition to box and pipe culverts, HEC-RAS has the ability to model arch; pipe arch; low profile arch; high profile arch; elliptical; semi-circular; and ConSpan culvert shapes.
Culverts are made up of an entrance where water flows into the culvert, a barrel, which is the closed conduit portion of the culvert, and an exit, where the water flows out of the culvert (see the figure below). The total flow capacity of a culvert depends upon the characteristics of the entrance as well as the culvert barrel and exit. The Tailwater at a culvert is the depth of water on the exit or downstream side of the culvert, as measured from the downstream invert of the culvert (shown as TW on the figure below). The invert is the lowest point on the inside of the culvert at a particular cross section. The tailwater depth depends on the flow rate and hydraulic conditions downstream of the culvert.
Headwater (HW on the figure below) is the depth from the culvert inlet invert to the energy grade line, for the cross section just upstream of the culvert (Section 3). The Headwater represents the amount of energy head required to pass a given flow through the culvert.
The Upstream Water Surface (WSU on the figure below) is the depth of water on the entrance or upstream side of the culvert (Section 3), as measured from the upstream invert of Cross Section 3.
The Total Energy at any location is equal to the elevation of the invert plus the specific energy (depth of water + velocity heady) at that location. All of the culvert computations within HEC-RAS compute the total energy for the upstream end of the culvert. The upstream water surface (WSU) is then obtained by placing that energy into the upstream cross section and computing the water surface that corresponds to that energy for the given flow rate.
