References for Flood Risk Management Studies

USACE Guidance

EM 1110-2-1415 (USACE, 1993)
USACE. 1993. Hydrologic Frequency Analysis. EM 1110-2-1415, 5 March 1993. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Available from USACE Engineer Manuals.

EM 1110-2-1419 (USACE, 1995)
USACE. 1995. Hydrologic Engineering Requirements for Flood Damage Reduction Studies. EM 1110-2-1419, 31 January 1995. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Available from USACE Engineer Manuals.

EM 1110-2-1619 (USACE, 1996)
USACE. 1996. Risk-Based Analysis for Flood Damage Reduction Studies. EM 1110-2-1619, 1 August 1996. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Superseded by EM 1110-2-1619 (USACE, 2025); cited for the historical case study in this chapter.

EM 1110-2-1619 (USACE, 2025)
USACE. 2025. Risk Assessment for Flood Risk Management and Coastal Storm Risk Management Studies. EM 1110-2-1619, 29 September 2025. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Supersedes EM 1110-2-1619 (1996) and EP 1110-2-9 (1994). Available from USACE Engineer Manuals.

EP 1110-2-10 (USACE, 1994)
USACE. 1994. Hydrologic Engineering Analysis Concepts for Cost-Shared Flood Damage Reduction Studies. EP 1110-2-10, 31 July 1994. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Available from USACE Engineer Pamphlets.

ER 1105-2-101 (USACE, 2019)
USACE. 2019. Risk Assessment for Flood Risk Management Studies. ER 1105-2-101, 15 July 2019 (Errata Sheet No. 1, 1 September 2022). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Available from USACE Engineer Regulations.

ECB 2026-1 (USACE, 2026)
USACE. 2026. Incorporating Resilience to Nonstationary Hydrometeorological Conditions in USACE Civil Works Studies, Designs, and Projects. Engineering and Construction Bulletin 2026-1, issued 9 January 2026, expires 9 January 2028. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Available from the Whole Building Design Guide.

HEC Software Documentation

📖 User's Manual

How to build and run the HEC-HMS components used in this chapter.

• Reservoir Elements — reservoir routing and storage methods used for detention
• Diversion — methods for computing diverted flow
• Global Editors — editing a parameter across many elements at once
• Frequency Analyses — developing a flow- or stage-frequency curve from a set of frequency events
• Uncertainty Analyses — sampling model inputs to evaluate their effect on computed flows

📐 Technical Reference Manual

Theory behind the methods applied in the case study.

• Reservoir Modeling — concepts and equations for reservoir routing
• Muskingum-Cunge Model — the channel routing method used for the floodwall alternative
• Frequency Storm — frequency-based hypothetical storms

🛠️ Tutorials & Guides

Hands-on worked examples with downloadable project files.

• Flow Frequency Simulation Options in HEC-HMS — collection covering frequency storm and frequency analysis workflows
• Outflow Curve Option for an HEC-HMS Reservoir Element — detention modeled with an outflow curve, as in this case study
• Applying the Muskingum-Cunge Routing Method — routing parameters and eight-point cross sections
• Applying the Uncertainty Analysis Compute Option in HEC-HMS — setting up parameter sampling and reviewing results
• Incorporating Parameter Variability when Creating Flow Frequency Curves in HEC-HMS — varying storm depth, temporal pattern, and area reduction

📊 HEC-FDA

Expected annual damage and system performance computations that use the flow-frequency curves developed with HEC-HMS. The link above is the current HEC-FDA User Manual; the case study used HEC-FDA Version 1.x.

CPD-72 (HEC, 2008)
HEC. 2008. HEC-FDA Flood Damage Reduction Analysis, User's Manual, Version 1.2.4. CPD-72, November 2008. Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA. PDF. Cited for the historical case study in this chapter.